CVR Journal of Science and Technology

Cover

2024-01-05T22:42:36-06:00

Cover

Editorial Board

2024-01-05T22:45:37-06:00

Editorial Board

Title Page

2024-01-05T22:47:07-06:00

Title Page

Editorial

2024-01-05T22:48:53-06:00

Editorial

Complete Editorial Team

2024-01-05T22:50:19-06:00

Complete Editorial Team

Index Page

2024-01-05T22:51:56-06:00

Index Page

Effect of Elevated Temperature on the Lightweight Aggregate Fibre Reinforced Self-Consolidating Concrete

2024-01-06T01:20:59-06:00

This study comprehensively investigates fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete (FRSCC) behavior across multiple grade variations, namely M20, M30, and M40. The study encompasses substituting conventional natural aggregate with sintered fly ash, exploring replacement percentages of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The primary objective of this study is to identify the optimum Strength achieved through a 20% replacement ratio. The assessment of fresh properties of FRSCC was undertaken through rigorous testing protocols involving the L box, J ring, and V funnel tests, following the guidelines stipulated by the European Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete (EFNARC). Furthermore, the research extensively analyzed vital mechanical properties, including compressive Strength, split tensile Strength, and flexural Strength. These evaluations provided insights into the influence of sintered fly ash incorporation on the structural performance of FRSCC. The investigation extended to a post-curing temperature study, subjecting the concrete specimens to varying temperatures of 100 °C, 300 °C, 600 °C, and 900 °C, followed by exposure to a 1000 °C heating furnace for 3 hours at each designated temperature. The outcomes of this research yield valuable insights into the potential improvements in the mechanical and thermal properties of FRSCC by integrating sintered fly ash. This study is pertinent for professionals and researchers engaged in optimizing the formulation and utilization of fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete, with implications for sustainable construction practices and enhanced resilience in diverse thermal conditions.

Index Terms: Fibre reinforced lightweight self-compacting concrete, Fly Ash, Sintered fly ash Aggregate, Lightweight Sintered fly ash aggregate concrete, lightweight self-consolidating concrete, Crimped steel fiber.

Comparative Study on the Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete

2024-01-06T01:27:54-06:00

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a flowable concrete which can consolidate under its own weight without the need of external vibration. The highly fluid nature of SCC makes it suitable for placing in difficult environments like congested reinforcement and thinner sections. Use of SCC can also help in decreasing noise pollution at worksites which is caused by vibration of concrete. SCC is used in bridges, buildings, and tunnel construction.

The addition of small closely spaced and uniformly dispersed fibres to concrete would act as a crack resistor and would substantially improve its properties. This type of concrete is known as fibre reinforced concrete. In fact, the fibre reinforcement mechanisms can convert the brittle behaviour of this cement-based material into a pseudo-ductile behaviour up to a crack width that is acceptable under the structural design point-of-view. Fibre addition, however, increases the complexity of the mix design process, due to the strong perturbation effect that steel fibres cause on fresh concrete flow.

In the present study, the effect of steel fibres on fresh and hardened properties are studied by adding steel fibres of different percentages such as 0%, 1% and 2% for M70 grade of concrete. An experimental investigation has been carried out to determine different properties like workability and strength of Fiber Reinforced Self Compact Concrete and Self- Compacting Concrete (SCC). For testing the properties of SCC and Fiber Reinforced SCC (FRSCC) in fresh state slump-flow, T50 Test, L-box, U-box, and V-funnel tests were conducted. Whereas for testing the properties in hardened state compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strengths are carried out.

Detailed studies have revealed that the Steel Fiber Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete made with the Steel fibres displays a better performance. The investigations and results are presented from the study.

Index Terms: Self compacting concrete, Steel fibre reinforced concrete, Super plasticizer, Silica fume, Fly ash, Steel fibre.

Performance Analysis of Hybrid Comparator using 45nm Technology

2024-01-06T01:32:22-06:00

In the present real-time world, due to the improvements and innovations of System on Chip (SoC) applications, there is a requirement to integrate multiple technology design topologies. The electronic system design is classified as analog, digital, and mixed-signal design. The comparator is the major building block used in the datapath of System on Chip (SoC) application device. The usage of these devices depends on not only functionality but also on the non-functionality parameters considering different performance estimation metrics. The nonfunctional performance metrics for a transistor level design depends on the number of transistors, switching activities of logic level voltages and delay between input and outputs. These performance metrics are improved by considering the multiple logic families for multiple output generations instead of using a single logic family topology.

The comparator is the major component in the arithmetic circuits for SoC applications and can be realized by using various design topologies. The vividly used topologies are Conventional CMOS logic, Pass Transistor Logic (PTL), Gate Diffusion Input (GDI) Logic, Stacking technique, Quantum-dot cellular automata, etc. The selection of the design topology for the comparator is made based on the non-functional parameters. The performance of non-functional parameters is improved by combining the topology architectures of different design techniques. In this paper, the comparator is designed using conventional CMOS logic, PTL, GDI, and a hybridized topology for best performance and the same is implemented using 45nm technology. These circuits are designed by using Cadence Virtuoso Electronic Design Automation (EDA) design tools. Non-functional performance parameters are analyzed for different topologies.

Index Terms: VLSI Design, Comparator, Datapath, EDA tools, CMOS Logic, GDI Logic, PTL Logic.

Image Inpainting using Efficient Patch Selection Technique

2024-01-06T01:38:41-06:00

Image inpainting is a well growing research area in the field of image processing. It is used to reconstruct the spoiled images due to aging. It can also reproduce the images by removing any unwanted objects in the image. Exemplar inpainting methods gain the most attention for object removal applications. The major difficulty observed in these methods includes mismatching of patches while selecting the exemplar patches, which leads to fill by miscellaneous objects in the target region. In this paper, the new patch selection is employed to overcome the above stated issue. The combination of Sum of Squared Difference (SSD) and Logarithmic Similarity (LS) is proposed in this paper. The results generated from the proposed work are compared to the available method in the literature qualitatively. It shows that proposed work outperformed the state-of-art works.

Index Terms: Mismatch, Exemplar, SSD, Logarithmic Similarity, qualitative

Enhancing Plant Leaf Identification: A Comparative Study of Machine Learning Models

2024-01-06T01:44:06-06:00

In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of the application of various machine learning models to the task of plant leaf identification. A Weiner filter is applied for noise reduction in the data, and morphological operations are utilized for feature extraction. Subsequently, evaluated the performance of eight different classification models: Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA), Extra Trees Classifier, Random Forest Classifier, Linear Discriminant Analysis, SGD Classifier, Bagging Classifier, Perceptron, and AdaBoost Classifier. These models are assessed in terms of their accuracy, balanced accuracy, ROC AUC, F1 Score, and time taken for predictions. The results reveal that QDA emerges as the top-performing model, achieving remarkable accuracy and balanced accuracy of 93%, along with an F1 Score of 93%. Extra Trees Classifier and Linear Discriminant Analysis also exhibit strong performance with high accuracy and balanced accuracy scores. The SGD Classifier, Bagging Classifier, and Perceptron yield competitive results as well. However, the AdaBoost Classifier falls short in terms of accuracy and F1 Score, indicating challenges in plant leaf identification. The Random Forest Classifier, while achieving an accuracy of 87%, shows slightly lower balanced accuracy and F1 Score.

Index Terms- Plant leaf identification, Wiener Filter, Extra Trees classifier, Bagging classifier, Balanced accuracy.

Low Power MIPS-RISC Processor: A Survey

2024-01-06T01:48:39-06:00

This paper describes how low power strategies were used in the design and implementation of low power RISC processors. With the growing demand for energy- efficient computing devices, reduced power usage is now a crucial design factor. The paper provides a detailed analysis of the many low power strategies that can be implemented to lower RISC Processors power consumption. Clock gating, power gating, dynamic voltage and frequency scaling, and instruction set architectural optimizations are a few of these methods. The paper also discusses the impact of these techniques on CPU performance. These techniques introduce the design and implementation of a low-power RISC processor. The results of the experiments demonstrate that the suggested strategies are capable of reducing power usage by up to 50% without adversely compromising processor performance. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of designing low power RISC processors using low power techniques, making them suitable for use in portable and battery-operated devices.

Index Terms: MIPS, RISC, Low Power, Clock Gating, Xilinx.

Ubiquitous Tracking System: A Mobile and Versatile GPS-GSM Solution for Real-Time Vehicle and Asset Monitoring.

2024-01-06T01:56:41-06:00

The Universal Tracking System is a cutting-edge technology that utilizes GPS and GSM modules to provide real-time tracking of assets, people, and vehicles. The system is versatile, offering a range of features and applications that cater to various needs, such as location tracking, asset management, and fleet monitoring. The system helps in reducing the chances of things getting lost, stolen, or misplaced by providing accurate and up-to-date location data. It is an affordable, easy-to-use, and reliable solution that can be accessed from anywhere, making it a valuable tool for personal and commercial use. With its wide range of benefits, the Universal Tracking System is an indispensable for anyone who needs to keep track of their assets or loved ones.

Optimizing Hyper Parameters for Enhanced Performance: A Comparative Study on K-Nearest Neighbor and Support Vector Machine Models

2024-01-06T02:01:39-06:00

Numerous applications and areas benefit from the use of machine learning algorithms. The hyperparameters needed to fit a suitable model must be tuned to address different issues. The choice of the best configuration directly affects the performance of the model. User-defined hyper-parameters are those that are set before the training process is carried out. In machine learning, optimizing the hyperparameters is a process that can reduce the cost function. This paper presents a couple of methods that are used to optimize the K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm and the Support Vector Machine model. We have performed several experiments on the different optimization techniques to evaluate their accuracy and complexity.

Index Terms: Hyper parameters, Optimization Techniques, KNN, SVM, Random Search, Grid Search.

Development of ‘Cloud and IoT based’ Online Condition Monitoring System for Analytical Instruments

2024-01-06T02:32:57-06:00

Analytical Instrumentation Systems are very much essential for compositional characterization of materials and form part of instrumental methods of analysis. Most of the analytical instrumentation systems are highly expensive and sophisticated in nature. Performance of these systems can be optimized by operating them in a controlled laboratory environment and precise monitoring of process parameters of the system. Hence continuous monitoring of ambient parameters of the laboratory, in which these systems are located, and process parameters related to each instrument is very important for obtaining the best out of these instruments. This paper describes an innovative application that has been designed using Cloud and IoT based Online Condition Monitoring of sophisticated laboratory instrumentation systems. Implementation of the thought process, involved in the realization of the objectives, has been described at length.

Index Terms: Cloud Computing, IoT, Analytical Instruments, Mass Spectrometers, Embedded Systems, Sensors.

GSM based Patient Healthcare Monitoring System

2024-01-06T02:45:16-06:00

Modern healthcare monitoring system necessitate immediate data acquisition, accurate predictions, and swift medication responses. These systems are equipped with sensors to measure vital parameters like body temperature, heart rate and oxygen levels. The collected data is transmitted to a central control system for remote patient health analysis, effectively reducing the workload of medical professionals and ensuring precise results. Additionally, these systems employ GSM technology to enable parameter monitoring via mobile phones. Data from patients is processed through a microcontroller platform, typically Arduino Uno. Any anomalies reported by the patient trigger the system to send a message to the designated caretaker or physician providing essential data for future health assessments. Further enhancements such as timed medication remainders can transform this system into a real time application focused device, advancing patient care systems. When considering factors such as cost, configuration and efficiency, this system emerges as the most effective and cost-efficient solution compared to alternatives worldwide. Moreover, it offers invaluable assistance to patients residing in remote areas.

Index terms: Heartbeat, Arduino Uno, GSM technology, Real time clock

A Cost Effective Approach to Design A Portable Mobile Charging Device using Wind Energy

2024-01-06T02:47:59-06:00

Renewable energy is energy from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. Renewable resources include sunlight, wind, the movement of water, and geothermal heat. This project is designed to create a portable mobile charging device that is chargable through wind energy. This portable device system utilizes a small, lightweight wind turbine that can be easily carried or attached to various objects, such as backpacks or bicycles, to harness the power of wind and convert it into electrical energy. The generated energy is stored in a portable battery pack, which can be used to charge mobile devices, such as smartphones, tablets, or other USB-powered devices, anytime and anywhere. This project also discusses the performance evaluation of our system, including the power output, charging time, and energy efficiency, under different wind conditions and usage scenarios. Our project helps in accessing affordable, reliable, sustainable energy which in turn assists in achieving the 'sustainable development goal 7[SDG], that is ensuring access to affordable and clean energy’. This technology has the potential to provide a reliable and eco-friendly energy source for mobile devices, reducing the dependence on traditional electricity sources and contributing to a greener and more sustainable future.

Index Terms: Renewable Energy, Wind Energy, Sustainable Development, Portable, Affordable & Reliable Energy

IoT Enabled Power Theft Detection System

2024-01-06T02:51:31-06:00

The unauthorized appropriation of electrical power poses a significant challenge within global power system networks, and it is strictly prohibited by legal regulations. The imperative to discern the location of power theft is crucial for enabling legal recourse against perpetrators. The system consists of an ESP32 module, a Long-Range Communication Module, an OLED display, and current transformers. Given the limitations of conventional meters in handling high currents, current transformers are employed for their detection. One current transformer measures the load's current, while the other measures the supply current, both connected to the power supply terminals to ascertain the electrical power output by the source. An IoT-based power theft detection system has been successfully deployed, complemented by Long-Range Communication for enhanced backup protection, as detailed in this research paper.

Index Terms: power theft, Internet of Things (IoT), Sensors, protocol.

Effective Event Exposure Classifier (E3C) in Wireless Sensor Network through SVM

2024-01-06T02:58:39-06:00

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is composed of distributed nodes designed for environmental monitoring and event detection. To optimize energy usage during correlated data gathering, the Correlated Data Gathering (CDG) scheme utilizes the Adaptive Routing algorithm. While this approach effectively conserves energy, it introduces a significant energy-delay tradeoff when securing data within the sensor network. In response to this challenge, the E3C-SVM system leverages Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification with minimal energy consumption to assess event significance. E3C-SVM also employs the Doppler Effect method for efficient sensing data event recovery, particularly in identifying periodic events caused by moving objects. By reducing classification time, E3C-SVM mitigates the energy-delay tradeoff. Furthermore, E3C-SVM incorporates a mechanism for generating event-specific keys, reducing energy consumption during key generation, and enhancing security when broadcasting notifications to sensor nodes. This feature elevates the security level of object collection. Experimental evaluations primarily assess classifier performance, security levels, and energy consumption rates.

Index Terms: Correlated Data Gathering, Wireless Sensor Network, Support Vector Machine, Classification time, Adaptive Routing.

Extraction and Characterization of Furcraea Fiber for Textile Applications – An exploratory Investigation

2024-01-06T03:07:47-06:00

The aim of this paper is to study the use of Furcraea plant leaves as a potential source of lignocellulose fibers with an emphasis on textile applications. The plant leaves are retted in water, squeezed and beaten to collect the fibers. According to National Standard 08-1113-1989, the length of the fibers measures in the range of 60 to 100 cm. Bundle strength, color, fineness, root content, defects and bulk density are measured to be 19.0 g tex^-1, 36%, 34.44 tex, 1.52%, 16.75% and 0.37 g cc^-1 respectively. The extracted fiber grade has also been estimated in accordance with commercial natural fiber standard IS 271 (2003). The findings revealed that these fibers are viable substitutes for jute fibers of TD-4 grade to produce packaging bags of food grains.

Index Terms: Furcraea, Composite, Leaf fiber, Extraction, Fiber properties, Textile.

Simulation Study on Building Energy Management in HVAC Control System for House Building

2024-01-06T03:13:35-06:00

House buildings usually consume high energy and the operation efficiency of air conditioning system in house buildings is still far from agreeable. Thus, it is important to break down the data and suggest recommendations on energy usage. In the current work, an energy simulating instrument termed e-Quest was applied to model the thermal, ventilation and different energy in taking processes in a three storeyed building to predict its energy performance. In order to precisely compute the energy usages in building, the instrument considered the outer climate of the building, warmness resources within the building and the use of structure materials. This building energy imitating approach was arguably established as an influential practice for observing energy pattern of building, evaluating architectural design, decide upon proper structural resources and system demanded as well.

Index Terms: House building, e-QUEST, HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning) and Energy usage

Crude Oil Price Forecasting – ARIMA Model Approach

2024-01-06T03:30:45-06:00

The price of crude oil forecasting has become more significant in the trade of day-to-day services of energy. A good predicting model increases the efficiency of producers, and consumers, and their prices are also playing a vital role in the investment process of financial trade. To analyze and forecast time series, a well-known ARIMA model is used in this paper to model month-ahead spot prices. The proposed model has been applied a series of times which consists of the monthly prices of crude oil from the Information of the U.S. Energy Administration.

Index Terms: Crude oil, Box-Jenkins Methodology, MAPE, and Forecasting.

Recent Advances of Rhodium Catalyzed Coupling Reactions

2024-01-06T03:33:38-06:00

Rh-catalyzed few recent reactions including C–H activation (sp2 and sp3) carbene insertion, boronic acid activations are reviewed. These strategies mostly assist to the development of a widely applicable and efficient protocol to the formation of various C-C (Csp2-Csp2 and Csp3-Csp2) and C-X bonds in their particular domain; in addition, these new bonds perhaps incorporate important tandem cyclization to produce valuable heterocycles. These reactions highlight the innate nature of rhodium in selectivity as well as reactivity in the C-H bond functionalizations through the generation of organo-rhodium reactive intermediates.

Index Terms: Rh-Catalysis, C-H activation, Carbene insertion, Heterocycles, C-X bonds, MCR

Ecological Studies on Safilguda Lake with Reference to Water Quality

2024-01-06T03:37:51-06:00

In this paper, the Ecological studies on Safilguda lake were carried out. For this purpose, the physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton were taken into consideration. The physico-chemical parameters showed some variation in the lake. The lake water is alkaline and dissolved oxygen was always recorded in low concentration. Bicarbonates, chlorides, organic matter, total hardness and total dissolved solids have been reported in high concentrations. In the lake, four groups of algae were recorded. Among these, Euglenophyceae was dominant followed by Cyanophyceae. On the basis of the physico-chemical and biological parameters, the assessment of water quality has been made.

Index Terms: Safilguda lake, Ecological studies, Water quality, Physico-chemical parameters and Phytoplankton